1. Mouth Ulcers (Aphthous Ulcers)
These are small white or yellow sores with a red border inside the mouth. Ther are often caused by stress, minor injury from biting or sharp foods, vitamin deficiencies, or hormonal changes and usually heal in 1–2 weeks.
2. Trauma or Irritation
This can occur by biting your cheek or tongue, burns from hot food or drinks, rubbing from dentures, braces, or sharp/broken teeth.
3. Oral Thrush (Fungal Infection)
This can be seen as white, creamy patches that can be wiped away, often leaving a red surface.
It is caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast. It is more common if you wear dentures, take certain medications (like antibiotics or inhaled steroids), or have a weakened immune system.
4. Viral Infections
These can present as cold sores (caused by herpes simplex virus) which form fluid-filled blisters around the lips/mouth or throat
Hand, foot and mouth disease also forms sores in the mouth especially in children.
5. Gum Disease or Gingivitis
This can be characterised by sore, swollen gums that bleed easily. It is caused by plaque build-up and poor oral hygiene.
6. Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies
A lack of iron, vitamin B12, folate, or zinc can cause a sore, burning mouth or ulcers.
7. Allergic Reactions / Sensitivities
This can be triggered by toothpaste, mouthwash, dental materials, or certain foods.
8. Oral Cancer
Oral cancer is not always painful! However if you have persistent sores, white/red patches, lumps, or unexplained bleeding that do not heal within 3 weeks, this can be a sign of cancer. It is more likely if you smoke, drink alcohol heavily, or have HPV, but not in all cases.
This needs urgent dental or medical assessment.
If you have a sore mouth make sure to call us at Geans Clinic so we may advise you and in the meantime
- Keep the area clean — gentle brushing and alcohol-free mouthwash.
- Avoid irritants — spicy, acidic, salty foods; very hot drinks; alcohol.
- Stay hydrated and eat a balanced diet.
Book an URGENT appointment if:
- The sore doesn’t heal within 3 weeks
- You have multiple sores or recurrent ulcers
- The pain is severe or spreading
- You notice a lump, white/red patch, or unexplained bleeding
